Showing posts with label endocrine system. Show all posts
Showing posts with label endocrine system. Show all posts

Monday, May 2, 2011

WEIGHT LOSS - SMOOTH SAILING OR AN OBSTACLE COURSE - Part 1

EVERYTHING YOU EVER WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT WHY YOU ARE NOT LOSING WEIGHT AND WHAT YOU CAN DO ABOUT IT.

By Monika Tarkowska-Carter, CPT, LWMC, HLC 2

You have the best intentions. You have a strong will. You are really committed. You exercise a lot. You think you eat right. You try to maintain a healthy lifestyle. All of this just to lose a little weight; or maybe a lot. You have tried everything. And……nothing is working.
Frustrated? I bet. Angry? For sure. Feel like giving up and having a giant portion of your favorite ice cream or a basket full of fries? I don’t blame you. But I have a better suggestion. Before you decide to quit for good and lose your self-esteem in the process, let’s try to look at some possibilities of why you may have such a tough time losing weight.
There are many valid reasons why people have real difficulties losing weight. And it makes me really angry when others are so quick to put down those who struggle with weight loss unsuccessfully. In some cases, they are right: it DOES come down to eating less and moving more, but many times the solution is not so simple.
There are many obvious reasons, but there are many more that are not so obvious at all. Let’s explore all of them, especially since certain obvious ones may not seem so obvious to some people, and vice versa.
To make things a bit clearer I am going to divide the reasons why you might be unsuccessful into 7 different categories. For those of you who think it’s all about calories in versus calories out (or for the “eat less, move more” camp), I strongly encourage you to read this article to the very end before you voice your opinion. This comes not only from 20 years of my work as a trainer and holistic lifestyle coach/nutrition counselor but also from someone who has experienced, in my own journey to fitness, MANY of the reasons listed below first hand (unfortunately), and knows they are all real.
So here are the general categories for your weight loss failures:
  • Physical,
  • Nutritional,
  • Physiological,
  • Hormonal
  • Environmental
  • Emotional
  • General

I know that some of these categories could, in some circumstances, overlap, or make together an entirely different category, for example, medical, but I divided them the way I did for a simple reason. I wanted them to be easily understood to an average reader while at the same time providing a considerable amount of detail.
In Part 1 of this article I will simply list the obvious reasons for weight loss frustrations and the not-so-obvious reasons  that some of you have probably never even given much thought to, or at least haven’t suspected them as the culprit in your own arduous battle of the bulge.
In the follow-up posts (future articles coming soon) I will talk about how to smartly address them without losing your mind and giving up for good.
So here they are:
 PHYSICAL
1. You exercise too little
2. You exercise too much
3. Your exercise is inappropriate for your age, fitness level and goals
4. Your exercise intensity is too low or too high
5. Your exercise program lacks the proper balance of cardiovascular exercise and strength training
6. You are overdoing cardio
7. Your exercise program is poorly designed or lacks any specific design to begin with
8. Your form is incorrect on pretty much everything because you never learned how to perform the exercises appropriately. You think it’s OK because you’ve watched others do it
9. You have no idea about proper intensity, load, sets, reps, tempo, rest periods between sets, etc. and how they affect your workout outcome
10. You simply don’t have the knowledge when it comes to exercise and workouts
11. You lift weights that are way too light to make any significant difference in gaining lean body mass and losing fat
12. You don’t get enough recovery

 NUTRITIONAL
1. You eat too much
2. You eat too little – YES, you are reading this right: TOO LITTLE
3. You don’t eat enough protein
4. You are skipping meals
5. You don’t eat often enough
6. You don’t have any idea what a balanced meal or snack is
7. You have no clue about the amount of calories in major macronutrients
8. You can’t tell what a vegetable or fruit is: is it a carbohydrate, a vegetable, a fruit or something else altogether? (Trust me; I do hear it a lot!)
9. You don’t know how to read food labels
10. You have no clue how many calories your body needs per day to maintain weight or lose weight
11. You have no idea how many calories are in the foods you are eating and how much you have consumed at the end of the day
12. You starve yourself thinking you are going to lose more weight faster
13. You cut out entire food groups from your diet, often without deeper understanding why
14. You don’t drink enough water
15. You have food allergies or sensitivities (known or unknown)
16. The quality of the foods you eat is very poor – yes, it DOES matter!
17. You think you know about nutrition but do you really? – This is a very broad point that will need a broad explanation

PHYSIOLOGICAL
1. Poor sleep
2. Lack of R&R (rest and relaxation)
3. Disrupted circadian cycle (the natural rhythm of when your body is supposed to wake up, eat, work, exercise, rest and sleep)
4. “Leaky gut” syndrome (increased intestinal permeability) this can cause a whole slew of health problems and, consequently, major difficulties in losing weight
5. Dehydration
6. Disconnect from your body – you don’t hear what your body is telling you about how it feels after eating, exercising or not getting enough rest

 HORMONAL
1. Your levels of stress are high and therefore so is your cortisol
2. Due to high levels of chronic stress (of ANY kind!) you are constantly in a state of sympathetic dominance (The “fight-or-flight” response)
3. Your evening meal is unbalanced and inappropriate for your metabolic type and you wake up in the middle of the night wide awake (usually around 4- 5am), sometimes sweating, and can’t go back to sleep – the cause: high levels of cortisol
4. Due to bad timing of foods or not eating for prolonged periods of time, your blood sugar is constantly low which causes your cortisol to sky rocket
5. Your insulin levels are always high because of too high an intake of sugars and too many carbohydrates in your diet, causing insulin resistance (difficulty handling blood sugar caused by the inability of the cells to respond to insulin and therefore the need for pancreas to constantly produce more of this hormone) – a precursor to diabetes
6. You have adrenal fatigue from under sleeping, overworking and/or high stress or (surprise!) improper breathing pattern
7. Your adrenal glands are exhausted and so are the hormones they are supposed to produce – you are constantly running low
8. The production of your sex hormones or their precursors (DHEA, testosterone, pregnenolone, progesterone, etc.) is suppressed due to adrenal fatigue
9. You are estrogen dominant (mostly women, but could happen to men as well) and your estrogen levels are too high in relation to progesterone
10. Your body cannot produce enough of the hormones needed to deal with stress because you have been brainwashed to believe you should avoid saturated fat in any form or amount
11. You’re a woman going through menopause or are postmenopausal and since your estrogen has decreased considerably, the ratio of testosterone to estrogen has increased and is out of balance – you now have a lot more abdominal fat and more of a man’s body
12. You have a thyroid dysfunction
13. Any hormonal imbalance in general

ENVIRONMENTAL
1. You live in a heavily polluted area
2. You have been exposed to too many toxins of various kinds: heavy metals, organic compounds, etc. which are stored in the adipose (fat) tissue in your body
3. You have poor detoxification capability
4. The toxins stored in your body have been playing havoc with your hormones
5. Your digestive system has been adversely affected by toxins
6. You have parasites you don’t know about
7. You have yeast or fungus overgrowth
8. You have food sensitivities or allergies (I am repeating it here on purpose as it could be considered a nutritional or an environmental reason)
9. “Leaky gut” syndrome – this is repeated here as well since it could be either a physiological or an environmental reason, or both

EMOTIONAL
1. Lack of self-esteem: you don’t value or respect yourself enough
2. You have a bad relationship with food
3. You have a bad attitude towards the whole process of losing weight
4. You don’t get enough quiet time (and I don’t mean “rest” here) – time by yourself, time to think and reflect, time for introspection
5. You are in denial about things in your life that might affect your weight: your love relationship, or lack thereof, your sexual frustration, strained family relationships, financial stress, etc.
6. Your constant desire to control everything (and your realization that you don’t/can’t control anything) and inability to just “roll with it” sometimes
7. Your past traumas that haven’t been dealt with (from childhood, teenage years or more recent), even if you don’t think they could possibly be related to your weight
8. Constant harsh judgment of yourself AND others
9. Inability to be compassionate towards SELF
10. Expectations that are way too high and unrealistic
11. Lack of purpose in life – this is a really BIG one!

GENERAL
1. Lack of knowledge about nutrition, exercise and health
2. Resultant poor choices about health related issues
3. Prioritizing – not realizing that health should be one of the top priorities

4. Goals that are not S.M.A.R.T: specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, timely
5. Having no plan at all
6.  Making the same mistakes over and over again

In the next few blog posts I will explore all the different reasons mentioned above, show you how to recognize them and give you ideas for solving them.
 
In Part 2, (coming next) I will talk about the PHYSICAL reasons for not losing weight in more detail.
There are many real and valid reasons for weight loss failures, all of them worth exploring. Keep one thing in mind, however: the biggest mistake people make when trying to lose weight is constantly repeating the same things that made them fail in the first place.                                    
 The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting a different result”.                                                                                         
                                                                                               Albert Einstein

Tuesday, April 5, 2011

THE SLEEP-WEIGHT CONNECTION


SLEEP LESS – GAIN WEIGHT: HOW THE AMOUNT OF SLEEP AFFECTS YOUR HORMONES AND YOUR PANT SIZE

By Monika Tarkowska-Carter, CPT, LWMC, HLC 2

Every day we are faced with troubling statistics about the health of Americans. We are the fattest nation on Earth, with 65% of us being either obese or overweight. We all know that this very fact increases our susceptibility to so many diseases: heart attacks, strokes, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and insulin resistance, asthma, high cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, cancer, etc., etc. The list goes on and on.
We take more medications than ever in our history, yet we struggle more, not less, not only with diseases, but also depression and, as recent statistics show us, insomnia, or just plain lack of sleep.
Could this fact somehow contribute to our ever-expending waistlines? Could we become slimmer just by sleeping more?
Recent research shows that the answer is YES. A few of the hormones produced by our body are responsible for predisposing us to weight gain when the body is faced with sleep deprivation.

One of them is leptin – a hormone released by the fat cells that tells your brain you’re full and signals satiety. The other one is ghrelin – a peptide secreted by the stomach that stimulates appetite. When people get 7 hours of sleep or more, on average, the amounts of these hormones in the blood remain at their normal levels. With lack of sleep, however, the levels of leptin go down and the levels of ghrelin increase, causing you to be less satisfied after you eat, perceive that you’re still hungry, as well as eat more since your appetite is stimulated. Translation: weight gain.
Interestingly, in the study done on subjects whose sleep was restricted to 4 hours per night for 6 days, the level of plasma leptin so drastically decreased that it was comparable to restricting calories by 900kcal/day for 3 days. These subjects received the exact same amount of calories and had similar levels of physical activity as when they were fully rested (1), which means that the lowered leptin levels signaled a state of famine to the body, even though there were plenty of calories available. Whenever our bodies perceive famine, they start conserving energy and storing calories instead of expending them. Translation: weight gain.

Studies done at the University of Colorado and at Stanford University in California, that measured the levels of the above hormones in sleep deprived people, showed that not only did cravings for high carbohydrate, high calorie foods increased by 45% in the test subjects , but their body fat percentage was also higher. The level of body fat was inversely correlated to their sleep patterns. The weight was the highest in subjects getting the fewest hours of sleep.
The other hormones that may affect your pant size just as much are insulin and cortisol. With sleep deprivation, your body’s ability to use insulin effectively deteriorates, causing insulin resistance and resultant storage of fat. Translation: weight gain.
The findings from a Dutch study conducted by Esther Donga, director of Leiden Medical Center in the Netherlands and published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (JCEM), showed that partial sleep restriction during a single night reduced some types of insulin sensitivity by 19 to 25 percent. (2)
"Our data indicate that insulin sensitivity is not fixed in healthy (people), but depends on the duration of sleep in the preceding night," the author wrote in the study.
"In fact it is tempting to speculate that the negative effects of multiple nights of shortened sleep on glucose tolerance can be reproduced, at least in part, by just one sleepless night."
In a study conducted by U.S. scientists published in 2009, people who slept less than six hours a night were 4.5 times more likely to develop abnormal blood sugar readings in six years compared with those who slept longer. In fact, studies on glucose levels in sleep deprived people show that “….less than 1 week of sleep restriction can result in a prediabetic state in young, healthy subjects”. (3) Translation: weight gain.
Hormone cortisol, or stress hormone, as it is commonly known, might have something to do with our expending waistlines as well. Cortisol generally has the tendency to make the body store fat, especially in the abdomen area.

Recent studies looked at the impact of chronic partial sleep deprivation on hormones, metabolism and immune function. The first documented effect of partial sleep loss was an increase in the early evening levels of cortisol. (4, 5) This is likely the direct cause of the development of insulin resistance, a huge factor in both diabetes and obesity. (6) Translation: weight gain.
On the other hand, thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH, was hugely decreased during the night in sleep deprived subjects, with the overall mean levels reduced by more than 30%. The result would be a drastically decreased metabolic rate and a much smaller amount of calories burnt. Translation: weight gain.
The secretion of Growth Hormone, or GH, which has anti-insulin like effects, was also altered and might therefore adversely impact glucose tolerance. Most likely translation: weight gain.
It turns out that lack of sleep has much more profound influence on metabolic regulation than previously thought. So make sure you get at least 8 hours of good quality sleep each night and you might find that your struggle with weight is going to get much easier. If only we could just wake up 5 pounds lighter……oh well, at least we can dream about it.

References:
1. Spiegel K, Leproult R, L'Hermite-Baleriaux M, et al. Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympatho-vagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol and TSH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:5762-5771. Abstract
2. Esther Donga, Marieke van Dijk, J. Gert van Dijk, Nienke R. Biermasz, Gert-Jan Lammers, Klaas W. van Kralingen, Eleonara P. M. Corssmit and Johannes A. Romijn. A Single Night of Partial Sleep Deprivation Induces Insulin Resistance in Multiple Metabolic Pathways in Healthy Subjects. Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (E.D., M.v.D., N.R.B., E.P.M.C., J.A.R.), Neurology (J.G.v.D., G.-J.L.), and Pulmonology (K.W.v.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2430 Vol. 95, No. 6 2963-2968
3. Prigeon RL, Kahn SE, Porte D Jr. Changes in insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness, and B-cell function in regularly exercising subjects. Metabolism. 1995;44:1259-1263. Abstract
4.Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet. 1999;354:1435-1439. Abstract
5. Leproult R, Copinschi G, Buxton O, et al. Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening, Sleep. 1997;20:865-870.
6. Eve Van Cauter, PhD; Kristen Knutson, PhD;  Rachel Leproult, PhD; Karine Spiegel, PhD. The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Hormones and Metabolism.. Medscape Neurology and Neurosurgery > Insomnia and Sleep Health Expert Column


1.     Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E.